To investigate the effect of weed interference and weed-free PERIODs on Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth. in Wall) and to evaluate the critical PERIOD of weed control (CPWC) in this oilseed crop, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in Naghadeh region in 2018. Experimental consisted of two groups of treatments; weed infestation treatments (infestation for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 growing degree day (GDD) after transplanting and then plots were remained weed-free the rest of the growing season) and weed-free treatments (weeding for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 GDD after transplanting and then plots were remained infested until harvesting TIME). In each block, one weed free and weed infested control was for all the growing season. Results indicated that the density and dry biomass of weeds were increased as weed removal was delayed. In contrast, density and dry biomass of weeds were decreased as weeds establishment was delayed. Height, tetrachenes fruits, ripened achenes, 1000-seed weight and biological, seed and relative yields of Balangu were decreased and increased as the duration of weed-infested and weed-free PERIOD increased, respectively. Also, logistic and Gompertz curves fitted to data showed that the beginning and end of the CPWC based on a 10% yield loss of relative yield, was estimated to be from 11 to 108 days after transplanting (97 days weed-free PERIOD) in order to prevent a noticeable yield loss.

در این مطالعه به بررسی میزان رعایت استانداردهای حسابداری ایران، مقررات بورس و قانون تجارت و همچنین تاثیر اندازه شرکت و مدت حضور آن در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران، روی موارد فوق الذکر در سال مالی 1385 روی 95 شرکت عضو پرداخته شده است. برای اندازه گیری میزان رعایت استانداردهای حسابداری ایران، مقررات بورس و قانون تجارت از نسبت تعداد موارد رعایت شده به تعداد کل موارد (شامل 27 استاندارد حسابداری - 38 ماده قانونی بورس- 20 ماده از قانون تجارت) استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که اولا استانداردهای حسابداری ایران، مقررات بورس و قانون تجارت در سطحی بالا از سوی شرکتهای نمونه رعایت شده اند و ثانیا اندازه شرکت روی میزان رعایت موارد فوق الذکر تاثیر معنی داری ندارد، در حالی که مدت حضور در بورس روی میزان رعایت موارد مذکور تاثیر منفی ناچیزی دارد.

1 بیماری همه گیر کرونا و پیامدهای آن باعث ایجاد اضطراب در اقشار مختلف جامعه شده است. به ویژه، گذار مجدد از آموزش آنلاین به آموزش های حضوری و آسیب های ناشی از این فرآیند، روند آموزش برخی دانش آموزان را با مشکل مواجه کرده است. بنابراین شناسایی نگرانی های دانش آموزان و درک پیش بینی های اضطراب در طول بازگشایی مراکز آموزشی به ما امکان می دهد تا به علل اصلی اضطراب پس از دوره ی همه گیری کرونا و بازگشایی های مجدد مراکز آموزشی بپردازیم.  این تحقیق یک پژوهش کیفی از نوع تحلیل محتوا است و جامعه ی آماری آن، دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه دوره دوم شهر تهران طی بازگشایی های مجدد مدارس بعد از حدود دو سال آموزش انلاین در اواخر سال تحصیلی 1400-1401 و پس از همه گیری کرونا بوده که با روش نمونه گیری هدفمند 40 شرکت کننده، 20 شرکت کننده دختر و 20 شرکت کننده که دارای ملاک پژوهش بودند انتخاب شده و پس از مصاحبه با شرکت کننده ها و رسیدن به نقطه ی اشباع نظری، نتایج حاصل از تحلیل مصاحبه ها، حاکی از دو درون مایه ی اصلی، ساختار اجتماعی و نهاد خانواده و فرد بوده است.

Excavations in Tepe Barveh were conducted with the aim to shed further light on the PERIOD of painted Bronze Age wares and to refine the existing chronology for the Lesser Zab Basin in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. Thanks to its location in the upper valley of the Lesser Zab, the Barveh region served as a natural pathway for interaction between the Zagros foothills zones with the Rania and Peshdar Plain in Sulaimaniyah province in Iraqi Kurdistan, and the southern basin of Lake Urmia. By its overlapping Bronze Age sequence, the site offers a strong potential to fill the existing gap of information for the Early Bronze Age occupation in northwestern Iran. A foremost purpose of this paper is to situate Barveh within northwestern Iran, and to explore intra- and inter-regional interactions. The stratified occurrence of Painted Orange Ware (POW) is helpful to establish a sequence for the region and to fill the existing lacuna. EBA sites in northwestern Iran beyond the Kura Araxes zone remain understudied, and few sites offer deposits of considerable depth. The Early Bronze Age is generally associated with the burnished black pottery, while the orange pottery, a coeval and equally important cultural hallmark, has attracted less attention and remains a little known tradition. Hence, in light of the material culture excavated at Barveh, this paper seeks to gain an insight into the ways in which Tepe Barveh interacted with other regions dominated by the orange pottery culture. The ca. 8-meter deep EBA deposit at Barveh built up over c. 300 years and represents this PERIOD of POW in an uninterrupted sequence, attesting to cultural continuity over an extended PERIOD of TIME. The culture shows parallels with EBA sites in the southern Urmia Lake Basin and in the Rania and Peshdar plains in Iraqi Kurdistan

To date, no experimental investigations utilizing petrographic, XRF, ICP, or TL methodologies have been undertaken for the analysis of Sasanian and Early Islamic pottery in Western Iran. Consequently, the findings of this study are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into the pottery production processes prevalent during this historical PERIOD in Western Iran. To achieve this objective, eight pottery specimens retrieved from the excavations of the Jahangir monument were submitted to the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and the Geological Survey for petrographic analysis, while two samples each were designated for XRF, ICP, and thermoluminescence assessments. The primary research inquiries pertain to elucidating the composition and structure of the pottery, determining the firing intensity in the kiln, and discerning whether the pottery is of indigenous or imported origin. The outcomes of the experiments indicate the PRESENCE of three predominant compounds—quartz, iron oxide, and calcite—in the majority of samples procured from the Jahangir monument. Nonetheless, certain pottery specimens incorporate mica particles or chert stone in the clay composition. With few exceptions, the pottery is ascertained to be domestically manufactured, denoting its local provenance within the region. The texture of the selected pottery samples is characterized as silty, porphyritic, and inhomogeneously silty. The identification of calcite in the clay of all Jahangir pottery suggests a maximum kiln temperature of 800°C during the firing process. Furthermore, notwithstanding a limited number of exceptions, the scarcity of soil variations in the majority of pottery specimens implies a shared geographical origin

Iran, due to its geographical location, has low rainfall and is considered a dry land. As a result, different regions of the country grapple with drought. The PRESENCE of water management systems, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in most parts of the country, along with a variety of methods for conserving water for irrigation, may contribute to this claim. Considering that drought is an inherent phenomenon in Iran's climate, people have invented and used numerous methods to combat it and store water. The aim of this study is to monitor and evaluate drought in Iran. In order to realize this goal, precipitation data from synoptic, rain gauge, and climatology stations were extracted over a 51-year PERIOD, from 1970 to 2020. The results obtained from examining drought occurrences in five ten-year PERIODs reveal that, with the exception of the third decade (1991 to 2000), drought has prevailed in the majority of Iran's regions compared to other decades. On the other hand, in the recent decades leading to 2020, the intensity of drought occurrences, especially in the Middle Zagros, has intensified, which has consistently been among the regions with the highest rainfall in Iran after the Caspian region. This situation can cause concern in Iran, a country where its agricultural production hub is established along the Zagros mountain range. Moreover, the fluctuating behavior of Iran's droughts, with return PERIODs of 2 to 5 years, has complicated the management strategies for these types of hazards. These conditions appear to have created numerous issues in many areas of Iran, particularly in the agricultural sector of the western provinces, due to the lack of conformity with these types of occurrences.

ABSTRACT Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on ecosystems have caused concern. This research seeks to test whether vegetation changes are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the ecosystem recovery process is through this index. In this regard, by using the GEE platform, Java coding, GIS and statistical analysis, vegetation and Palmer indices were calculated and based on TIME series climate data, vegetation and climate changes were presented. The results of Palmer's drought index show that during the statistical PERIOD (1985-2020) the study area is facing drought or is moving towards drought. Also, the results indicate the longest PERIOD of drought in the region from 2013 to 2020. Totaly from 420 evaluated months, the NDVI index is below the change threshold in 70 months. Among these, 31 months of the study PERIOD is below the acceptable threshold in green and non-reservoir seasons, which is ecologically worrying. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 had a normal and almost normal distribution; But in 2020, the graph deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. According to the analysis of the indicators, it is predicted that the Gorgan region is on the border of such ecological developments and the historical ecosystem of the region is moving towards new ecosystems or being in a new equilibrium state with climatic conditions and human disturbances Extended Abstract Introduction Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on terrestrial ecosystems have caused great concern to humans. These changes are effective on vegetation performance, plant distribution patterns, and have economic and environmental consequences. Therefore, it is important to know the behavioral pattern of vegetation changes against climate changes. Reviewing the studies of scientists in the world shows many researchers have used the NDVI index to study temporal and spatial changes in vegetation and its relationship with the climatic index of precipitation in different parts of the world. Studies have shown that NDVI follows precipitation with different TIME scales. Surveys showed that there are very few studies on determining the threshold of changes in the vegetation cover index in the face of climate shocks. Determining these thresholds can provide a suitable solution for evaluating the state of the ecosystem, the consequences of climate shocks and the reversibility or disturbance in the ecosystem. This study was conducted with the aim of improving our understanding of the dynamics of vegetation in the forest city of Gorgan during 1985-2020 against climatic stresses.   Methodology The current research is a comparative and monitoring research and seeks to test whether changes in vegetation cover are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the ecosystem recovery process is through this index. To achieve the gole, first, NDVI index was selected among the optimal vegetation indices and its calculation process was done as a TIME series in the GEE system. In parallel with those climate shocks, the main elements including temperature, precipitation and storm were calculated during the historical process of 35 years and the average and standard deviation statistical indicators were calculated for them and the trend of changes in the thresholds was determined. The results of climate plots and climate changes show that in the years before 1985, 2005 and 2020, drastic changes have occurred in climatic elements and climatic factors. Therefore, these years can be considered as the PERIODs when the climate shock happened.. Next, the region was divided into 436 hexagons and the NDVI index for each of the hexagons was calculated and modeled for the years 1985, 2005 and 2020 as selected years affected by climate shocks. In conclusion, to analyze the trend of changes in the TIME series of the vegetation index and compare the behavior of its changes with climatic indices, the Palmer index was calculated.   Results and discussion The results of climate change monitoring based on the Palmer index showed that during the statistical PERIOD the study area is facing drought in most years. The most severe climatic fluctuations and drought in the region were recorded in 2018 and in the months of October to December. The longest PERIOD of drought has also prevailed in the region from 2013 to 2020. During this PERIOD, rainfall, temperature and storm fluctuations have the most changes. The results of drought monitoring show that in 270 months, the region is facing climatic drought stress, 57 months of the study PERIOD, the region is facing severe and very severe drought stress. The results of the TIME series of the NDVI vegetation index showed that, out of the 420 evaluated months, 70 months of the year the NDVI index is below the change threshold, 31 of which are in the green and non-accumulating seasons, the seasons when the vegetation is expected to be at its maximum. Placing below the acceptable range means crossing the ecological thresholds and challenges the recovery and restoration of the ecosystem, also the ecological performance will be affected at this point. Based on the assessment of the Palmer index, from 2014 to 2019, the situation of the Palmer index is in the extreme drought range. Also, since 2015, i.e. with a one-year TIME delay, NDVI index has experienced the lower limit of the equilibrium threshold of vegetation cover. These conditions are also valid for the years 2008, 2009, 2002 and 1997. In general, it can be said that the vegetation cover index is dependent on climatic changes and fluctuations and shows high sensitivity to changes. The important point in this section is that in the years when the NDVI index changes are at the lower limit of the threshold, we witness the most climate shocks and temperature changes, the occurrence of severe storms and precipitation fluctuations. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 have a normal distribution; but in 2020, the graph has deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. The visual interpretation done on the vegetation cover index in 1985 confirms the condition of the vegetation cover in the southern and western limits of the region in a state with suitable dense and pasture vegetation and forest cover on the edges. However, in 2005 and 2020, this cover has been changed and mainly turned into agricultural land and poor rangeland. In such a way that in 2020, the situation of the region has revealed the critical state of vegetation. The vegetation cover index in the central areas of the city has also reached from a relatively favorable situation in 1985 to a critical situation with almost no dense and stress-free vegetation cover in 2020. The results of the present studies are consistent with the studies of Visentr Serrano et al. in 2013 and confirm the relationship between NDVI vegetation and climate change. In addition, the results of the studies are consistent with the studies of Alwesabi 2012, Xiai & Moody, 2005 and Yan et al. 2001. In such a way that the present study and the aforementioned studies all confirm the influence of the vegetation index on climate fluctuations and precipitation with a one-year TIME difference.       Conclusion In general, the threshold is defined as a border with different conditions. After crossing the thresholds, the stability and positioning of the NDVI in the equilibrium range is often difficult, and the ecosystem is constantly spending energy to restore iTSElf or to position iTSElf in a new stability state. The result of the mentioned disorders is the reduction of resilience and resistance in the region, which leads the ecosystem to alternative states or crossing the threshold or being in a new equilibrium state. The results showed that the areas where green vegetation is concentrated and denser are less affected by climatic stresses and show more resilience. However, the areas that have become spots and islands due to destruction in the urban areas are more affected by climatic stress and destruction and show less tolerance against the destruction factors. The results help managers to focus their management plans for the preservation and maintenance of urban green spaces as well as forest and pasture ecotones on the edge of the city by knowing the thresholds.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

کریستیان بوبن که محبوبیت زیادی میان خوانندگان خود دارد، افق جدیدی را بر روی آنان می گشاید که میان حضور و غیبت در نوسان است او از خلال نوشتار ویژه خود که شعر گونه و مقطع است نگرش انسان به نیا را بر پایه صلح و صفا و آرامش پایه گذاری می کند این نوع گرش بهیچوجه غفلت و بیخبری از فجایع حقایق اجتماعی نیست، زیرا بوبن بهتر از هر کس به نابسامانیهایی طبقه محروم واقف است، لیکن او در آثار خود در طلب آن است که با تکیه بر سحر و زیبایی واقعیت و یاس و دلزدگی را کاستی دهد.

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